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-
- Warning
- =======
-
- 1: Design Filters:
- ------------------
-
- The filter design section is based upon theoretical mathematical
- models. Attenuation levels beyond 90 db for Bandpass and Lowpass,
- and beyond 70 db for Highpass and Notch are difficult to obtain
- with real world hardware. The passband noise for any filter is
- directly proportional to the highest Q value used to implement
- that filter. Therefore, the best possible dynamic range in the
- filter passband can be obtained by avoiding Q values higher than 10.
-
-
- 3: Implement Filter:
- --------------------
-
- ********************************************************************
- * This filter program works with theoretical calculations and *
- * assumes perfect SCF biquads. Unrealistic, unrealizable resistor *
- * values may be generated for extreme filter cases. Since LTC *
- * devices are real world ICs, designs must be verified first by *
- * breadboarding to ensure they are realistic. *
- * LTC will support all filter designs with its devices. *
- * For help call Applications : 408-432-1900 *
- ********************************************************************
-
- 1. Dynamics are optimized in this version for all sections
- implemented in mode 3A.
-
- 2. Modes can be mixed, ie 1, 2, and/or 3 when applicable, and R1
- values have been adjusted to maintain less than or equal to 0 db
- at the filter's output. Extreme filter cases (i.e. decade wide
- bandpass filters) may cause nodes other than the output node to
- exceed 0 db. Be careful, breadboard and/or call LTC for advice.
-
- More Information about filter design is contained below:
- A filter Mode defines a specific filter topology. LTC
- data sheets define many such modes for a variety of reasons. In
- the design of FCAD, it was decided to limit the mode choices to
- 1, 2, 3, 3A, 6A and 6B because these modes will cover all
- practical designs. However, in some specific cases a few
- additional modes may be required for optimum performance. In
- these cases assistance is available from the LTC Applications
- group to help optimize your design.
- LTC fully supports all filter hardware design efforts that
- involve LTC parts. LTC is a linear integrated circuit manu-
- facturer, not a software vendor, and as such cannot promise to
- fully correct all FCAD software errors or omissions (although
- we will try). It is hoped that the text that follows explains the
- mode selection criteria.
- Feedback from users is always appreciated and solicited.
-
- LOWPASS FILTERS:
-
- Case 1: All Fn are infinite such as Butterworth,
- Bessel, Chebyshev and custom filters with infinite Fn. This case
- allows only Modes 1, 2, 3, 6A or 6B to be used. Modes 6A and 6B
- are 1st order circuits and can be used only in the last stage
- of an odd order filter where there is a finite fo and Q=0.
- However, instead of Modes 6A or 6B you may use a 1st order low-
- pass RC network whose resistor and capacitor are calculated
- using the formula fo (last stage)= 1/(2piRC). Of course, this
- network is not clock tuneable.
-
- Case 2: All Fn are finite. Only Mode 3A is allowed in
- this case where each stage has a finite Fn or each stage has a
- finite Fn except the last stage which has either Fn=Infinity
- (2nd order section) or Q=0 (1st order section). Although Mode 3A
- is a second order circuit, FCAD requires entering Mode 3A in the
- last stage of an odd order even though a 1st order section is
- indicated. The program will then calculate the proper resistor
- and capacitor values.
-
- HIGHPASS FILTERS:
-
- Case 1: All Fn equal 0 such as Butterworth, Chebyshev
- and custom filter with all Fn equal 0. Only Mode 3 and 6A
- are allowed in this case. If the last stage is 1st order (Q=0),
- only Mode 6A is allowed by FCAD. Mode 6A can be replaced by
- a 1st order RC highpass network whose resistor and capacitor
- values can be calculated by the formula fo (last stage) = 1/
- (2piRC).
-
- Case 2: All Fn are finite and not 0. Only Mode 3A is
- allowed in designs with a finite Fn (not equal to zero) in each
- stage, or with a finite Fn (not equal to zero) in each stage except
- the last which has Fn=0 (2nd order section) or Q=0 (1st order
- section). When the last section is 1st order, FCAD requires
- Mode 3A be selected (See Lowpass). The resistor and capacitor
- values are calculated by the program. Of course, this network
- is not tuneable.
-
- BANDPASS FILTERS:
-
- Case 1: All Fn equal 0 or infinity (Butterworth, Bessel
- and Chebyshev bandpass designs). Only Modes 1, 2 and 3 are allowed
- for this case.
-
- Case 2: All Fn are finite and not 0. Only Mode 3A is
- allowed in this case where each stage has a finite Fn (and not 0)
- or each stage has a finite Fn (and not 0) except the last stage
- has Fn equal to zero.
-
- NOTCH FILTERS:
-
- Only Mode 3A is allowed for all Notch filter cases.
-
- CUSTOM FILTERS:
-
- Custom filter design is a non-trivial pursuit. Experts in
- the topic are few and far between. Design of a custom or non-
- traditional filter presumes a fair amount of knowledge about filter
- design. A good example occurs in the design of Mode 3A sections
- useful in the design of Elliptic filters or custom filters with
- "notches" (also known as Fn's). The calculations of FCAD do not
- allow Mode 3A to be used with an infinite Fn value except if this
- value occurs in the last filter section. But, what can be done
- is to make Fn large to the extent that it does not affect the filter
- response while not making it infinite. This allows the program to
- not deal with divide by zero and other related pure mathematical
- problems. Choosing an Fn value that is 100 times the cutoff
- frequency of the filter is often a good method to "drop the
- notch" (move it toward infinity) for lowpass filters.
- Likewise, in a highpass filter, a Fn can be moved towards zero by
- choosing a Fn value that is fo divided by 100. This effectively
- places this notch at zero.
-
- Please contact LTC for more information.
-